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ISSN : 1225-0171(Print)
ISSN : 2287-545X(Online)
Korean Journal of Applied Entomology Vol.65 No.3 pp.251-257
DOI : https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2026.07.0.023

A Newly Recorded Species of the Genus Bradina Lederer, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) in South Korea

Jun-Min Seo1,2, Jeong-Hwan Choi1,3, Tak-Gi Lee4, Dong-June Lee5, Il-Kwon Kim1, Yong-Bong Lee1*
1Forest Biodiversity Research Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Korea
2Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
3Department of Plant Medicine, Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
4Department of Biomedical & Robotics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
5Division of Biodiversity Conservation, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea
*Corresponding author:lyb0712@gmail.com
July 8, 2026 July 24, 2026 August 3, 2026

Abstract


Bradina admixtalis (Walker, 1859) is recognized from South Korea for the first time. A diagnosis, description, photographs of main characters including adult habitus and male genitalia, and COI barcode sequences are provided. The Korean specimens were identified based on external morphology and male genitalia. Comparison with publicly available COI barcode sequences showed that the Korean specimens were placed in a lineage with other Korean and South Asian samples, while sequences currently assigned to B. admixtalis were divided into several divergent lineages. These results indicate the need for further taxonomic examination of B. admixtalis-like specimens from different regions.


Bradina , Crambidae , New record , South Korea , Taxonomy

한국산 Bradina속 미기록 1종 (나비목: 풀명나방과: Spilomelinae아과)에 대한 보고

서준민1,2, 최정환1,3, 이탁기4, 이동준5, 김일권1, 이용봉1*
1국립수목원 산림생물다양성연구과
2경북대학교 생태환경대학 생태과학과
3강원대학교 생물자원과학부 식물의학전공
4인천대학교 바이오-로봇시스템공학과
5국립호남권생물자원관 생물다양성보전부

초록


본 연구에서는 Bradina admixtalis (Walker, 1859)를 국내에 처음으로 보고한다. 진단형질, 기재문, 성충과 수컷 생식기의 정밀 사진 및 COI 바코드 서열을 제공한다. 한국산 표본은 외부 형태와 수컷 생식기 형질을 바탕으로 동정되었다. 공개된 COI 바코드 서열과 비교한 결과, 한국산 표본은 다른 한국산 및 남아시아산 표본과 같은 계통에 포함되었으며, 현재 B. admixtalis로 동정된 서열들은 여러 개의 분화된 계통으로 나뉘었다. 이러한 결과는 서로 다른 지역에서 채집된 B. admixtalis 유사 표본에 대한 추가적인 분류학적 검토가 필요함을 보여준다.


Bradina속 , 풀명나방과 , 미기록 , 한국 , 분류

    Introduction

    Crambidae Latreille, 1810 is one of the most species-rich families of Pyraloidea, comprising more than 10,000 described species worldwide (Léger et al., 2021). Within Crambidae, the genus BradinaLederer, 1863 belongs to the subfamily Spilomelinae Guenée, 1854 and currently comprises 94 described species worldwide (Nuss et al., 2003-2024). The genus is widely distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australasian, and Palaearctic regions, but its taxonomy remains insufficiently revised and the identification of several externally similar species is still difficult (De Prins and De Prins, 2011-2026).

    In East Asia, 14 species of Bradina have been recorded from adjacent countries, including China and Japan (Leech et al., 1901; Yamanaka, 1984; Nuss et al., 2003-2024; Guo and Du, 2023; Jinbo and Suzuki, 2026). In South Korea, five species of Bradina have previously been recorded (KSAE and ESK, 2021): B. angustalisYamanaka, 1984, B. atopalis (Walker, 1859), B. erilitoidesStrand, 1919, B. geminalisCaradja, 1927, and B. trigonalisYamanaka, 1984. However, B. admixtalis (Walker, 1859), a widely distributed species originally described from Sri Lanka, has not previously been recorded from South Korea.

    In the present study, we report B. admixtalis for the first time from South Korea. We provide taxonomic information based on South Korean specimens of B. admixtalis, including description, images of morphological characters with genitalia, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequences. We also compare and analyze the COI barcodes of South Korean specimens with other regional records previously published to discuss the barcode variation within the species currently identified as B. admixtalis.

    Materials and Methods

    The morphological characteristics of Bradina admixtalis were examined using a Leica Ivesta 3 stereomicroscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) at magnifications ranging from 6× to 55×. The morphological terminology mainly followed Heppner (1998), Maes (1995), and Tuxen (1970). The synonymic lists for the genus Bradina and B. admixtalis follow Nuss et al. (2003-2024).

    A series of raw images were captured under a Canon EOS 7D digital camera (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) attached to a Canon EF 100 mm F2.8 Macro USM lens (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Images of the genitalia were taken with a Dhyana 400DC camera (Tucsen Photonics, Fuzhou, China) mounted on a Leica DM3000 LED microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, HESSE, Germany). The images were combined using Helicon Focus software v8.2.18 (Helicon Soft, Ltd., Kharkiv, Ukraine). Minor adjustments to levels and background clean-up were made using Adobe Photoshop 26.0.0 (Adobe Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) and Adobe Illustrator v29.8.6 (Adobe Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).

    Total genomic DNA was extracted from the legs using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), following the manufacturer’s protocol. Two specimens were sequenced for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding. The standard barcode region (658 bp) was amplified using primers LepF1/LepR1 (Hebert et al., 2004). PCR was performed using SolgTM 2X Taq PCR Pre-Mix (SolGent, Daejeon, South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Amplicons were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea).

    For phylogenetic analysis, we downloaded the barcode sequences of 76 individuals of Bradina and two spilomeline species (as outgroups), which are publicly available from the BOLD Systems (www.boldsystems.org; as of May 2026) and NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; as of May 2026). The sequences were assembled and aligned in Geneious Prime v2026.0.2 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using IQ-TREE v3.0.1 (Wong et al., 2026) under the GTR+I+G nucleotide substitution model. Branch support was assessed using 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates (Hoang et al., 2018).

    Taxonomic Accounts

    Family Crambidae Latreille, 1810

    Subfamily Spilomelinae Guenée, 1854

    Genus Bradina Lederer, 1863

    BradinaLederer, 1863: 424. Type species: Bradina impressalisLederer, 1863, subsequent designation by Hampson, 1896.

    ErilitaLederer, 1863: 426. Type species: Erilita modestalisLederer, 1863, by monotypy.

    PleonectusaLederer, 1863: 426. Type species: Botys admixtalisWalker, 1859a; subsequent designation by Moore, [1885].

    TrematarchaMeyrick, 1886: 233. Type species: Marasmia erilitalisFelder, Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875; subsequent designation by Klima, 1937.

    Bradina admixtalis (Walker, 1859)

    Botys admixtalisWalker, 1859a: 665. Type locality: Sri Lanka (Ceylon).

    Botys panaeusalisWalker, 1859b: 998. Type locality: Sri Lanka (Ceylon).

    Pleonectusa tabidalisLederer, 1863: 426, 481. Type locality: Ambon Island (Amboina), Moluccas, Indonesia.

    Pleonectusa sodalisLederer, 1863: 426, 481, 482. Type locality: Ambon Island (Amboina), Moluccas, Indonesia.

    Botys leptogastralisWalker, 1866: 1432-1433. Type locality: New Guinea.

    Spoladea avunculalisSaalmüller, 1880: 300. Type locality: Madagascar.

    Pleonectusa pallidalisWarren, 1896: 147. Type locality: Khasi Hills (Khasias), Meghalaya, India.

    Diagnosis. This species is externally similar to B. geminalis, B. macaralis (Walker, 1859), and B. triangularisSeizmair, 2021. These species share a combination of following external characters [extracted and modified from Seizmair (2021)]: 1) concolorous forewing and hindwing ground; 2) subcostal stripe present; 3) forewing postmedial line distinctly present and angulated between RS1 and RS4; 4) forewing antemedial line absent; and 5) hindwing postmedial line present. B. admixtalis can be distinguished from these species by the following combination of characters [extracted and modified from Mathew and Menon (1986) and Seizmair (2021)]: 1) labial palpus bicolor with basal two-thirds white and distal brown (Fig. 1B); 2) juxta bilobed, distally narrow (Fig. 2A); 3) costa angulated at basal one-third and rounded apically (Fig. 2A); 4) inner sclerite of valva with inwardly curved spine-like process (surrounded by red dash line in Fig. 2B); 5) sacculus sclerotized and tapered apically (Fig. 2A); and 6) phallus slender, swollen distally, and notched apically (Fig. 2C, D).

    Description (male). Wingspan 22–25mm. Head (Fig. 1A, B). Frons brown; vertex yellowish white; antenna pale yellow; maxillary palpus brown or dark brown; labial palpus bicolorous with basal two-thirds white and distal brown; patagium yellowish brown; tegula pale yellowish brown. Thorax (Fig. 1A). Pale yellowish brown with silvery grey scale. Wing (Fig. 1A). Forewing long and slender with yellowish brown in ground color; antemedial line absent; postmedial line slightly curved between RS3 and RS4; terminal line dark brown; discocellular spot dark brown; costa basally dark brown, gradually fading to forewing ground color; cilia pale brown; hindwing yellowish brown in ground color with postmedial line slightly angulated; terminal line dark brown; discocellular spot dark brown; cilia pale brown. Abdomen (Fig. 1B). Yellowish brown to brown with silvery grey band in posterior margin of each tergite. Male genitalia (Fig. 2A–D). Uncus constricted medially, basal half broadened, distal half slender and elongate, apex clavate and densely setose; juxta bilobed, distally narrow; costa angulated at basal one-third and rounded apically; valva oval shaped with one long tuft of setae extending from the middle to distal portion; inner sclerite of valva with inwardly curved spine-like process; sacculus sclerotized and tapered apically; saccus subtrapezoidal; phallus slender, swollen distally, and notched apically.

    Material examined. Korea: 1♂, Incheon Metropolitan City, Ongjin-gun, Deokjeok-myeon, Jin-ri, Mt. Bijobong, N37°13′17.3″ E126°07′25.9″, 17.IX.2014, S.-Y. Park, I.-J. Choi, and Y.-M. Shin; 1♂, Chungcheongnam-do, Taean-gun, Anmyeon-eup, Seungeon-ri, Anmyeondo–Natural Recreation Forest near, N36°29′59.8″ E126°21′40.3″, 8.VI.2015, S.-Y. Park, Y.-M. Shin, and M.-H. Kim.

    Distribution. Afrotropical: Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius; Oriental: Chagos, India, Indonesia (Bali, Java), Malaysia (Perak), Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives; Australian: Australia, New Zealand; Palaearctic: China, Japan (Hampson, 1896; Ades and Kendrick, 2004; Bippus, 2019; Singh et al., 2022), and South Korea (new record).

    DNA barcode. Sequences were uploaded to NCBI (Accession number: PZ274113, PZ274114).

    Remarks. A total of 47 publicly available sequences labelled as Bradina admixtalis were retrieved from BOLD DB and GenBank and included in the COI dataset. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3) showed that the sequences identified as B. admixtalis were not recovered as a single monophyletic clade, but were separated into several divergent COI lineages. The two Korean specimens examined in the present study were placed in Group 1 together with other Korean samples and several South Asian samples from India and Pakistan. The identification of the present specimens is supported by examination of the genitalia and comparison with the description in Mathew and Menon (1986). Previous faunal literature and checklist records have treated B. admixtalis as a broadly distributed species in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. Hampson (1896) recorded this species from Japan, India, Ceylon, Burma, and Perak, and subsequent records have also indicated its occurrence in China and Japan (Shibuya, 1929; Ades and Kendrick, 2004; De Prins and De Prins, 2011-2026). Therefore, the present record from South Korea can be interpreted as an additional East Asian record of this species rather than an isolated occurrence outside its previously known range.

    In the COI analysis, the two Korean specimens examined in the present study were placed in Group 1 together with other Korean samples and several South Asian samples from India and Pakistan. This placement is geographically compatible with the type locality of B. admixtalis in Sri Lanka. In contrast, Groups 2-4 consist mainly of Afrotropical samples, whereas Group 5, comprising samples from Bangladesh and Australia, is clearly separated from the other B. admixtalis lineages. Therefore, the broad distribution currently attributed to B. admixtalis should be interpreted cautiously, because publicly available COI barcode sequences assigned to this species were separated into several divergent lineages. This pattern may reflect misidentifications, unrecognized cryptic diversity, or incomplete taxonomic revision of B. admixtalis-like species. Further examination of external morphology and genitalia is needed to clarify the taxonomic status and distributional limits of B. admixtalis across its reported range.

    Acknowledgments

    This research was fully funded by the Korea National Arboretum, Korea Forest Service (project no. KNA 1-1-33-26-1).

    Statements for Authorship Position & Contribution

    • Seo, J.-M.: Korea National Arboretum, Researcher; Analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.

    • Choi, J.-H.: Korea National Arboretum, Researcher; Analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.

    • Lee, T.-G.: Incheon National University, Researcher; Identified the specimens and curated the data.

    • Lee, D.-J.: Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Researcher; Identified the specimens and curated the data.

    • Kim, I.-K.: Korea National Arboretum, Researcher; Designed the research, writing-review and editing.

    • Lee, Y.-B.: Korea National Arboretum, Researcher; Conceptualization, Supervision, writing-review and editing.

    All authors read and approved the manuscript.

    Figure

    KJAE-65-3-251_F1.jpg

    Habitus of Bradina admixtalis (Walker, 1859). (A) Male habitus and wing venation, dorsal view. (B) Male head, fronto-lateral view.

    KJAE-65-3-251_F2.jpg

    Male genitalia of Bradina admixtalis (Walker, 1859). (A) General morphology of male genitalia. (B) Magnified view of the inner sclerite of valva, photographed after spreading the valva in the same male genitalia preparation shown in A. (C) Phallus. (D) Magnified view of the phallus apically. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.1 mm (B, D).

    KJAE-65-3-251_F3.jpg

    Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on COI barcode sequences of 76 Bradina specimens and two spilomeline outgroups. The dataset included publicly available sequences retrieved from BOLD Systems (www.boldsystems.org; as of May 2026) and GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; as of May 2026), together with two newly generated B. admixtalis sequences from South Korea (highlighted in bold). Bootstrap support values above 50% are shown on the corresponding nodes. Numbers after the scientific name indicates the BOLD ID (highlighted in orange) and GenBank accession number (highlighted in purple).

    Table

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    Vol. 40 No. 4 (2022.12)

    Journal Abbreviation Korean J. Appl. Entomol.
    Frequency Quarterly
    Doi Prefix 10.5656/KSAE
    Year of Launching 1962
    Publisher Korean Society of Applied Entomology
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By