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The Promalactis established by Meyrick in 1908 is one of the largest genus of the family Oecophoridae comprising more than 345 species in the world (Wang and Li, 2019;Kim et al., 2019). They are mainly distributed from Oriental and Eastern Palaeartic regions. Also, they are superficially characterized by the forewing ground color, brownish yellow to yellowish brown with distinct variable markings, white band, semi-circular or irregular forms surrounded by fuscous scales (Kim et al., 2017b). Some larvae of the Promalactis are known as fungivores and scavengers, and recent evolutionary phylogenetic work (Kim et al., 2016) revealed that ancestor groups of the Promalactis have evolved by shifting from dried plants to various microhabitats, under bark and/or on fungi and have diverse sheltering strategies by using materials from the surrounding environment or burrowing under bark of soil.
Approximately, 63 species have been recorded from the mainland Southeast Asia (Meyrick, 1908;Liu and Wang, 2020;Lvovsky, 1988, 1997, 2007, 2013;Kim et al., 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017a, 2017b, 2018, 2019;Wang et al., 2013). Of them, 19 species have been recorded from Laos: 11 species including four new species and seven newly recorded species were recorded by Kim et al. (2019). After then, Liu and Wang (2020) added five new species and three new recorded species.
The aim of this study is to report one new recorded species, P. vittapenna Kim & Park, of the Laos Promalactis with distributional data. Diagnosis and illustrations of adults and genitalia are also provided.
Material and Methods
Materials including slide vouchers in this study were deposited in the two institutes: SNU, Seoul National University; INU, Incheon National University in Republic of Korea.
Procedure of genitalia preparations for voucher was conducted according to Kim et al. (2017c). All dried specimens were examined under a Leica 400B microscope (Leica Microsystems, Germany) and digital images were taken using Image Lab software, v.2.2.4.0 (MCM Design, Hillerød, Denmark).
Results
Genus PromalactisMeyrick, 1908
PromalactisMeyrick, 1908: 806.
Type species: Promalactis holozonaMeyrick, 1908. Type Locality: India.
Key to species of the genus Promalacits in Laos based on external character
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1. Forewing ground color one ·········································· 2 Forewing ground color two ········································ 19
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2. Forewing pattern without white marking ···· P. bitrigona Forewing pattern with white marking ·························· 3
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3. White marking absent in apex ······································ 4 White marking present in apex ··································· 12
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4. Forewing pattern with yellow band after white band ···· 5 Forewing pattern without yellow band ························· 6
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5. White costal marking present and followed by yellowish scales ··················································· P. tenuiclavifera White costal marking absent ·························· P. flavidia
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6. White marking without subbasal band ······················· 11 White marking with subbasal band ······························ 7
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7. White marking with antemedial not reaching to costa ···· ·································································· P. uniclavata White marking with antemedial reaching to costa ······· 8
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8. Fuscous scales distinctly present under semi-circular marking ···················································· P. suzukiella Fuscous scale absents under semi-circular marking ···· 9
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9. Forewing broaden in middle ··············· P. parasuzukiella Forewing lanceolate, costal and posterior margins rather parallel ······································································· 10
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10. White marking with two bands straight ·· P. unidentalis White marking with two bands rather curved ··············· ··································································· P. carinata
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11. Costal marking absent ····················· P. bolikhamsaiana Costal marking present ·························· P. albisquama
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12. White costal marking regular shaped, e.g. semi-circular or inverted triangular ··············································· 13 White costal marking irregular shaped ····················· 17
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13. White costal marking semi-circular ·········· P. spiraliola White costal marking inverted triangular ················· 14
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14. Medial band absent ····························· P. apicisetifera Medial band present ················································· 15
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15. White apical marking an ovate-shaped ····· P. serrulata White apical marking divided or mixed fuscous scales ················································································ 16
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16. White apical makings tiny, surrounded by fuscous scales ································································· P. zolotubini White apical makings divided into three transverse by fuscous scales ········································· P. apicuncata
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17. Irregular costal marking connecting to medial band from posterior margin ········································ P. senispina Irregular costal marking without connecting band ···· 18
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18. Irregular costal marking small between fuscous patches ······································································ P. retusa Irregular costal marking large after fuscous patch ········ ····································································· P. crassa
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19. Forewing pattern with grayish scales ········ P. introflexa Forewing pattern without grayish scales · P. vittapenna
Promalactis vittapenna Kim & Park, 2010
Promalactis vittapenna Kim et Park, 2010: 555. Type locality. Vietnam, Tam Dao National Park, 100 m (Figs. 1, 2).
Diagnosis. This species is superficially similar to Chinese species, P. peculiarisWang and Li, 2004, in having wing pattern which consists of two different ground colors and two bandshaped and semi-ovate white markings (Fig. 1), but it can be easily distinguished by the male and female genital characteristics.
The male genitalia (Fig. 2a-d) of P. vittapenna is characterized by the bifurcate and acute apical uncus, cucullus heavily sclerotized and pointed apically, sacculus extended bearing curved apex, juxta bearing asymmetrical lobes and aedeagus shorter than valva, whereas that of P. peculiaris has rather quadrate basal uncus, distally dense setose cucullus, sacculus bearing not curved apex and aedeagus longer than the valva. The female genitalia (Fig. 2e-g) of the former is also differentiated from the latter by the apophyses posteriores about 1.5 longer than the apophyses anteriores, lamella antevaginalis largely developed, the sternum VI bearing two small tongueshaped processes on anterior-laterally and signum bearing 5-6 tiny spines, whereas that of the latter has apophyses posteriores three times longer than the apophyses anteriores, large and sclerotized antrum and curved signum bearing a comb-shaped teeth.
Material examined. Three males, one female and one ex. (missing abdomen): two males and one ex., Laos, XiengKhouang Prov., Ban Tha, 298m, 5 April 2016, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9852, 9693/ S. Kim; one male, same locality, 1524m, 1 July 2017, Bae et al.; one female, Laos, Bolikhamsai prov., Phaou Khao Khouay National Park, 452m, 3 July, 2017, Bae et al., gen. slide no. 9853/ S. Kim.
Distribution. Oriental: Laos (new record), Vietnam (North), China (Hainan, Guangxi).
Remark.Promalactis vittapenna was firstly reported from Northern Vietnam (Kim et al., 2010). At that time, the new species was distinguished from Vietnamese species, P. fansipanellaLvovsky, 2007 (see Lvovsky, 2007: 127, Figs. 4, 5), considering the species diversity of Promalacits in Vietnam. In this study, we compared the Laos P. vittapenna and the Chinese species, P. peculiariisWang and Li, 2004 in having very similar appearance (see Wang and Li, 2004: 1, Figs. 1, 2, Pl. I: 1). A diagnostic comparison of two almost identical-looking species is very necessary.
KSAE
